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Back in 2018, the Congress enacted Republic Act No. 11057, or the Personal Property Security Act (“PPSA”). The enactment of the PPSA is in line with the State’s policy “to promote economic activity by increasing least cost credit, particularly for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), by establishing a unified and modern legal framework for securing obligations with personal property.”

One of the basic requirements for the registration, or issuance of new certificate of title, after voluntary dealings i.e., conveyance, mortgage, lease, charge, and the like, with registered lands, is the presentation of the Owner’s Duplicate Certificate of Title (Original Certificate of Title, Transfer Certificate of Title or Condominium Certificate of Title), which is conclusive authority from the registered owner to the Register of Deeds (“ROD”)

On 30 July 2021, President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law Republic Act No. 11576, which expanded the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts (“first level courts”). This also effectively increased the jurisdictional value under the Regional Trial Courts (“second level courts”) for civil actions involving title to, or possession of, real property, or any interest therein.

No person shall be deprived of his life, liberty, or property without due process of law. This was guaranteed by no less than the Constitution – our fundamental law, in its mission to find a striking balance between the immense powers of the State on one hand, and an individual’s right to being on the other. Necessarily, and rightfully so, due process has been defined as the “sporting idea of fair play” considering as it does limit official acts within the bounds of reason.

The gig economy involves work done in digital labor platforms which includes both web-based platforms, where work is outsourced through an open call to a geographically dispersed crowd (crowdwork), and through location-based apps (work on-demand via apps) which allocate work to individuals in a specific geographic area.